Mulheres vítimas de violência sexual, seu direito à reparação no processo de transição da Lei de Justiça e Paz na Inspeção El Placer, departamento de Putumayo, 2010-2015

Purpose: This article shows how female victims of sexual violence in the context of the armed conflict are still waiting to be repaired, despite the provisions in the Colombian regulations, which, since the Justice and Peace Act, have promoted a reparation scheme that remains fragile, weakening the response of the Colombian State regarding the protection of human rights. Methods: For this purpose, the research was conducted at the El Placer Police Station, jurisdiction of the municipality of Valle del Guamuez, in the department of Putumayo, through a mixed—qualitative- quantitative—method along with a type of case study, using a focused sample that allowed surveying victims and officials at the Police Station. Results: It was established that the victims in the criminal process would have three guarantees: theright to the truth, the right to justice, and the right to no impunity. Conclusions: It was concluded that, at the El Placer Police Station, women who have been victims of sexual violence have not been repaired, that the transition between the Justice and Peace Act and transitional justice has not produced results in the matter, and that the invisibility of victims continues.Objetivo: el presente artículo muestra cómo las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual en el marco del conflicto armado continúan a la espera de ser reparadas, pese a lo dispuesto por la normativa colombiana, que desde la Ley de Justicia y Paz ha promovido un esquema en materia de reparación que sigue siendo frágil, debilitando la respuesta del Estado colombiano en cuanto a la protección de los derechos humanos. Metodología: para tal fin, la investigación se llevó a cabo en la Inspección El Placer, jurisdicción del municipio del Valle del Guamuez, en el departamento de Putumayo, a través de un método mixto –cualitativo-cuantitativo– acompañado de un estudio de caso, con una muestra focalizada que permitió encuestar a víctimas y a funcionarios de la inspección. Resultados: se estableció que las víctimas en el proceso penal tendrían tres garantías: el derecho a la verdad, el derecho a la justicia y el derecho a que no haya impunidad. Conclusiones: se concluyó que en la Inspección El Placer las mujeres que han sido víctimas de violencia sexual en su mayoría no han sido reparadas, que la transición entre la Ley de Justicia y Paz y la justicia transicional no ha reflejado sus frutos en la materia y que continúa la invisibilización de las víctimas.Objetivo: este artigo expõe como as mulheres vítimas de violência sexual no contexto do conflito armado ainda aguardam a reparação apesar das disposições da lei colombiana que, desde a Lei de Justiça e Paz, promoveu um esquema de reparação que permanece frágil e enfraquece a resposta do Estado colombiano em relação à proteção dos direitos humanos. Metodologia: para este fim, realizou-se a investigação na Inspeção El Placer, jurisdição do município de Valle del Guamuez, no departamento de Putumayo, através de um método misto (qualitativo-quantitativo) acompanhado por um tipo de estudo de caso, com uma amostra focada que permitiu fazer uma sondagem às vítimas e aos funcionários da Inspeção. Resultados: estabeleceu-se que as vítimas teriam três garantias no processo penal: o direito à verdade,o direito à justiça e o direito de não ter impunidade. Conclusões: concluiu-se que na Inspecção El Placer, a maioria das mulheres que foram vítimas de violência sexual não foram reparadas, que a transição entre a Lei de Justiça e Paz e a justiça de transição não deu resultados e que as vítimas continuam a ser invisíveis

“I am who I am because of who I was” – refiguring childhoods through Colombian former child soldiers’ stories

The recruitment and use of children in war are common characteristics of modern conflict. In 2017, the Child Soldiers World Index reported that at least 46 States still recruit and use children under the age of 18 into their armed forces across Africa, Asia and America (CSI, 2018). Researchers both within and outside of academia have striven to understand the phenomenon by looking at the reasons for recruitment, the roles played by children in the armed groups and, for those who survive war, the challenges posed by their reintegration. Central to much research is an assumption that children are victims of war embodied in the figure of the child soldier who sits at the centre of mainstream global policies and interventions as well as academic debate. This figure of the child soldier offers a condensed narrative of their lives, portraying people who were part of armed groups in their childhoods as in fact lacking a childhood, caught up in forced recruitment and military or paramilitary service, and involved in violence, experiences that do not fit normative and predominantly Western visions of ideal childhoods. Now as adults, former child soldiers require protection as victims of war and need interventions to re-integrate in post-war life. The aim of this research was twofold. Firstly to examine normative understandings of child soldiering in the Colombian context. To do this, I initially investigated how the global figure of the child soldier is enacted in Colombia, tracing the tensions between global discourses and local practices (following Tsing, 2005) through exploring of the narratives of both practitioners of children’s rights and seasoned former child soldiers. Secondly, I engaged in creative fieldwork through writing workshops with a group of Colombian former child soldiers. These workshops, entitled “Mi cuento lo cuento yo” (“I’ll be the one to tell my story”), gave space for participants to create alternative accounts of their childhoods. Writing and other creative activities enabled participants to produce accounts of their warrior-selves and their campesino-selves; both critical components of their understandings of who they are, in the present, while being reflective and critical about their past, and, in the process, teasing apart the figure of the child soldier. Finally, I contrasted these accounts with the conventional narrative embodied in the globalised figure of the child soldier. In this thesis, I argue that in the translation, back and forth, of global and local understandings of child soldiering, meaningful childhood experiences are ignored and lost. During demobilisation processes, former child soldiers need to reproduce common victim narratives of child soldiering, of forced recruitment and escape or rescue from the army, in order to make a living in post-conflict time, paradoxically leaving them unable to escape the weight of the figure of the child soldier. From the stories produced in these creative workshops, I claim that people who were soldiers in their childhoods find value in their past, and narrate their lives in a way which draws on the knowledge and experiences they developed during the war. Their accounts resist a clear separation of their time before, during, and after their recruitment into guerrillas and paramilitary groups. In their rewriting of themselves, they rescue and highlight features of their warrior self and campesino self, which they believe should be recognised in reintegration processes. Acknowledging the skills, knowledge and learning they developed through their work as child soldiers, would make material differences to their ability to make a living in a post-conflict Colombia. The normative vision of the child soldier as victim of war limits the success of reintegration processes, requiring Colombian children’s rights practitioners as well as former child soldiers to find ways to work around existing practices, with varying degrees of success. This research draws on unique creative data to provide a novel account of former child soldiers’ lives, which call into question the adequacy of existing policies for reintegration. This thesis is a contribution to the literature on childhood studies in general, and to discussions on child soldiering and rural childhoods in particular, that will be of interest to those researching diverse types of childhoods during war, and those working in disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration processes of child soldiers everywhere

Formaciones imaginarias del diseñador gráfico en el discurso del campo académico.

En este trabajo se describe un proyecto de tesis doctoral en el que se analiza el discurso sobre el diseñador gráfico. Se parte del supuesto de que existe una tricotomía de su perfil: 1) el campo profesional, 2) el campo educativo y, 3) el campo académico. Proponemos que dicha tricotomía permite la identificación de imaginarios sobre el tema, y no solo eso, sino que también aporta elementos que conforman la identidad (Bauman, 2002) de un diseñador gráfico. La pregunta de investigación es ¿Cuál es la identidad discursiva del diseñador gráfico en el campo académico? La investigación descrita es de tipo cualitativo y deductivo; para la construcción la identidad discursiva (Van Dijk, T; 2008) del diseñador gráfico, se toman en cuenta diversas publicaciones: principalmente investigaciones y breves artículos difundidos en comunidades/foros de reflexión y debate en torno a la temática, además de memorias de congresos y libros. En apoyo al desarrollo del proyecto se ha diseñado un Laboratorio de Intervención en el Diseño, cuyos objetivos son impulsar el desarrollo social y cultural de los diseñadores gráficos por medio de la investigación, educación continua, producción y vinculación. En un primer acercamiento a las formaciones imaginarias (Pêcheux, 1978) sobre la identidad del diseñador gráfico se centran en el grado de erudición para la ejecución de su trabajo, en la cultura que demuestran y en la autonomía con la que producen

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed